Proceedings of Tskhum-Abkhazian Academy of Sciences

Research of Non-linear Dynamic System Describing Interaction Between Colchian-Georgian and Svan Populaces

2024-12-12T22:19:02+04:00

This paper discusses the two stages of transformation of the Common-Kartvelian-speaking people: the first stage was 5000–2500 BC, when the entire populace spoke the Common Kartvelian language and lived in the South Caucasus; the second stage was 2500–1000 BC, when the entire populace was divided into three parts: Svan, Colchian-Georgian and the third part, Pelasgian tribe, was emigrated to various areas of the European continent. For the first stage, computer simulation is used in the case of variable coefficients of the equation and corresponding numerical values are obtained. The second stage is described by two different mathematical models: one part of the Common-Kartvelian-speaking people went to Europe and the process of their partial or complete assimilation on the European continent began. Two other parts of the populaces speaking on the Colchian-Georgian and Svan languages that arose as a result of the transformation of the Common-Kartvelian-speaking populace remained in the South Caucasus and Anatolia. To describe the process of interaction between the Colchian-Georgian and Svan peoples, a two-dimensional non-linear system of ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients is proposed. A special case of a two-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients is considered. In two cases of certain interdependencies between the constant coefficients of the system, it is shown that the divergence of an unknown vector function in the physically significant first quarter of the phase plane changes sign when passing through any segment or half-line one. Taking into account Bendixson’s criterion, theorems were proved about the variability of the divergence of a vector field and the existence of closed trajectories in some simply connected domain that completely contains the starting point lying on one segment or half-line. Thus, it is shown that there is no assimilation of the Svan populace by the Colchian-Georgian populace and these two indigenous inhabitants peacefully coexist in the same territory after the transformation of the Common-Kartvelian-speaking populace.

Wine and Healts

2024-12-12T22:58:23+04:00

The article discusses the impact of wine components on health. Wine has been an integral part of our culture for 8000 years. Since ancient times, wine has been known to have excellent healing properties. Free radicals are constantly formed in the processes occurring in a living organism and they often have a harmful effect on the body. Free radicals are one of the main causes of aging, as well as dangerous cardiovascular and oncological diseases. Wine contains biologically active phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties that are important for human health. Red wines, made by the traditional Georgian method, are especially rich in them. Determining the antioxidant activity of wine is an important task. Attention is focused on the importance of resveratrol as an enhancer of vital biological processes, such as: inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation, which has a significant effect on atherosclerosis; protection of DNA from oxidative damage, protection of the vascular system by strengthening capillaries, etc. It is important to seek scientific foundations for improving the quality of wine and obtaining competitive finished products on the world market.

For the Nature of Romanticism…

2024-12-12T23:32:30+04:00

Romanticism added a new meaning to literature, it became a form of artistic mastery of the world, in the center of which was a person.

The best manifestation of the poetry of the romanticists is the poetry of Lord Byron. Despite the fact that the world sadness is characteristic of his work, Byron always aspired to something new and progressive with his way of life and artistic thinking.

It is worth noting that “Byron’s poetry became a kind of benchmark in the European space, which was compared to all outstanding romanticists of his time and determined the quality of their works” (Vardoshvili).

Despite the fact that Baratashvili is a national poet, his lyrical world resonates with universal thoughts. This is, first of all, the question of a human being’s purpose in society, which romanticism introduced into literature.

Materialistic worldview, revolutionary spirit, the principle of telling the truth and protest against the existing reality are the basis of theoretical thinking of Heine as well as his artistic creation.

One of the eye-catching forms of the work by Mickiewicz is a freedom-loving lyric, which reflected his revolutionary-patriotic sentiments.

Romanticism declared a fight against all the old and outdated and established new ideas in human consciousness and society. It put a man at the center of the universe with his feelings, the inner world, and thus fought against classicist literature and its norms.

Dowry and Megrelian Folk Poetic Writing

2024-12-13T12:42:45+04:00

Folk verbosity is inexhaustible source of life and indigeneity of the nation. It is composed of the factual materials, which were created with national feelings.

Dowry is important to study the institute of marriage as folk tradition, as it was one part of the chain of marriage traditions. The bride’s parents were responsible to prepare it and it was changed in parallel with the social-economic and culture developments.

Folk poetry writing preserved a lot of text materials, which clearly demonstrate the traditions of various epochs. It is well-known that the traditions reflect the spirit of centuries.

In one period of human evaluation history, personal dignities, family background and characters of the couple were key pre-conditions to get into marriage. Through the centuries the spiritual and material values usually change.

It is worth to mention that material difficulties made the dowry institute as an important part.

The parents of both bride and groom were interested in it. It is important to note that, dowry has not lost its importance even nowadays.

It is indisputable that the period, when “dowry list” was an important pre-condition for the happy marriage of a bride, now belongs to history.

The essence of the pre-conditions for the marriage were steeled in the centuries-old furnace. Dowry, that is material interest of a groom, was losing its importance. The love replaces its place as an important pre-condition. The youth are creating families with their love and internal feelings. The parents no-longer play decisive role in the marriage of the young couple, for what they get dissatisfied. The conflict between the generations is reflected in folk works too.

Our goal is to show the attitude towards the dowry as well as the changes in these attitudes based on the Megrelian folk poetic writings, which we collected as a result of field works. These materials enable us to conclude how the role and importance of the dowry was changing in time and space.

Thanatological Motifs in Fiction

2024-12-13T12:58:22+04:00

Even the wisest and brightest minds are broken when faced with death. No scientific degree or professional certificate can guarantee that we will be able to talk about death openly, delicately, without fear. In science today, we see two different but interdependent processes that develop and enrich human knowledge. There was a differentiation of literature and science, which started in the 19th century with positivism. Today, a modern researcher researches and works in one or more fields and is interested in several objects of research. Since the second half of the 20th century, the integration of scientific knowledge has been taking place, the inter-disciplinary ties have been strengthened. Natural science studies rely on philosophical foundations, looking for existential subtexts, while humanities strive for precision and the formulation of laws. The horizon of knowledge is limitless, but we can stop at the circle that is the most important for humanity. For example, a French historian wrote: "It is enough to study only a few terms that have influenced European life" (Fevre, 1991: 239). What topics and terms, constants and concepts, stories and motives are these? These persistent thoughts, the cornerstones of human mentality, which have been transformed over the centuries: "Man", "Life", "Death", "World", "Time"... Many of them are already the subject of study of anthropology, aesthetics, cultology, sociology. This work is dedicated to one of these topics - "death" and one of the disciplines - thanatology.

Letters of Giorgi Dadiani to Dimitri Kifiani

2024-12-13T13:09:29+04:00

In the family of Dadiani, the great Niko Dadiani family is the bearer of great achievements and fame, not only the ancestors, but also the descendants created an important cultural climate in the society in different periods. Among them, his son Giorgi Dadiani stands out, who was named in honor of his powerful grandfather, a participant in the Gray War and a commander praised by Besarion Gabashvili, Giorgi Otias dze Dadiani. As for Giorgi Dadiani, who was given this name in honor of his famous grandfather, he became an active public and political figure during his father's lifetime. In 1821, he distinguished himself during Colonel Gorchakov's expedition to Abkhazia, which is why he received the rank of Podporuchiki. Throughout his career, Giorgi was in complete opposition to the head of Samegrelo, Davit Dadiani. He had his own concept of arranging the country and the estate, and because of that he could not agree with the chief. He was an amazingly national person, a follower of indigenous traditions, he dreamed of when the great conquest of Russia would change in a different way or when Georgia would be opened in general, so that the Georgian nation would have a freer and more pleasant future. Giorgi Dadiani had great authority in Abkhazia. His one word could change the whole power, that's why not only the representatives of the princely state showed great respect and awe to him, but also famous public figures and among them Didmitri Kifiani, the letters of Giorgi Dadiani addressed to Dimitri Kifiani are preserved in the National Manuscript Center, where amazing love, open relationship, respect and loyalty are expressed.

“Iviron of Athos” – the Object of Conflict Between Russian and Greek Churches and the Struggle of Georgians for Preservation of Iviron (XIX Century)

2024-12-13T13:24:32+04:00

Since the Middle Ages, Georgia was in a very close political-cultural cooperation with Byzantium, what made Georgia to be in touch with the world’s Christian center of that time - Constantinople. The manifestation of this relationship was “Iviron” of Athos [Khintibidze, 1969:27-31]. From the end of 18th century, religious-political interests of Greece and Russia had collided and “Iviron” of Athos became the subject of these interests. From the beginning of 19th century, for Russia, “Iviron” would had become a guide of Russian Orthodoxy, its cultural and political orientation in Europe.

During the Russian tsarism in Georgia, Georgian Church used to experience the most difficult processes: the abolition of autocephaly, the struggle with national self-consciousness, russification of churches and monasteries. In such circumstances, Georgian cultural centers abroad appeared in a difficult situation. From the beginning of 19th century, Georgian monasteries found themselves under pressure of Greek clergy and “Iviron” as well faced a danger from the latter. Greek and Russian Churches both began striving for incorporation of “Iviron” to them, so confrontation between them became critical. In the end, Greek Church won this “battle”. Throughout the 19th century, both sides were trying to gain control over “Iviron” using different meth, in the second half of 19th century, the struggle of the fathers of “Iviron” for the restoration of the rights over Georgian monastery on Mount Athos took place against the background of the political-religious aggression of the Russian Empire, what was really a struggle between the churches of Greece and Russia. Its first stage ended with the victory of Russia; Russia took away “Iviron” from Greeks. With the above, Russia has solved two problems simultaneously: 1. “sheltered” Georgian monks, persecuted by Greeks and enrolled them in “Rusik” brotherhood; 2. established the so-called “New Athos” In Abkhazia, thereby strengthening its positions in the Caucasus. At the beginning of 20th century, the situation changed radically due to Russian February Revolution; the Menshevik government of Georgia did not have enough strength to return “Iviron”; And, if before, Greek clergy was not able to fully master “Iviron”, the current unrest in Russia gave them the opportunity to gain full domination over the monastery, what they did without wasting time as soon as the last Georgian monk of “Iviron” died.

Residential and Agricultural Buildings (Based on the Ethnographic Materials of the Gali Region)

2024-12-13T13:33:06+04:00

The study of the existence and culture of the population in the Gali district is quite fascinating. One exciting aspect involves exploring the traditional dwellings and agricultural buildings used by the people. A unique type of housing was developed based on the geographical environment, natural climate, and leading branches of agriculture in different parts of Georgia. Initially, these housing and agricultural structures were primitive, but they became more complex and sophisticated over time. Regardless of how primitive the dwelling was, it had a significant function in providing the family with a social unit that included various storage facilities for defense and existence. Housing, being the area of action for the person living in it, constantly changed depending on the era's needs. As different stages of development deepened life experience, new elements were added to the residential complex, while some traditional and solid forms were missing.

The relevance of this issue is even more significant in light of the conflict zone in which the Gali district is situated. The entire district was burned down as part of the Georgian genocide, making it challenging to trace traditional residential and commercial building patterns. The condition of the buildings is quite severe because, over the years, residential and agricultural structures have been burned, abandoned, and destroyed. As residential and commercial building types disappear, centuries of accumulated construction experience are gradually lost.

In modern Abkhazia, the Georgian population is most numerously represented in the Gali region. Studying the existence and culture of the population in this region and getting to know the traditional housing and agricultural buildings provides an interesting picture.

The paper aims to present the Gali region's surviving farming and agricultural buildings based on ethnographic material. During the fieldwork, precise information was collected from the local population, which was still preserved in their memory and represented an ethnographic and architectural historical source.

Thus, studying residential and economic buildings is crucial in understanding the public relations between Georgia and Abkhazia. It's essential to identify the similarities and differences between them. Natural geographical and climatic environmental conditions play a significant role in determining these differences and similarities since the choice of construction material depends on them. Due to the cultural-historical unity of the Georgian-Abkhaz population, some borrowing and mutual sharing of certain elements could have occurred. This is evident in examples of borrowing terms from Georgian (Megrelian) to Abkhazian and vice versa. The influence of culture and history also shaped the construction forms of residential and economic buildings, which had to preserve their specific character and traditional form. The internal functional planning of housing and the layout system of the rooms in the residential buildings of the Gali district show similarities with urban housing.

Semantic Features of English Words With the Suffix -ish

2024-12-13T13:44:43+04:00

Vocabulary is the most changeable part of any language in a particular language system. Words are closely related to all aspects of society that are in constant development. Changes in the vocabulary of a language also depend on various factors and one of them is word formation.

The word-building of each language is characterized by certain features. It is important to note that when working on the problems of word formation in the English language, it is necessary to study the word-forming elements, in particular, the analysis of individual suffixes and their semantic characteristics.

The purpose of the present paper is to characterize one of the word-building elements, namely the multi-functional and homonymous suffix -ish of German origin, its formal-functional and semantic characterization as well as to determine its productivity.

The methods of descriptive, morphological, etymological and semantic analysis have been applied in the research process.

Linguistic-Stylistic Analysis of Literary Translation

2024-12-13T17:00:54+04:00

The paper discusses how to preserve the original style in translation - in terms of techniques or linguistic features in literary texts and their respective functions - and how to evaluate the style of an individual translation and translator. Stylistics is reviewed, which shows the necessity of using stylistics in literary translation. How to use stylistics in literary translation. Literary texts - unlike non-literary texts - have a real but hardly defined benefit, which is due to a specific way of using the poem, grammar and pragmatics; this benefit is all related to the style of the text. A good literary translation should reflect the style of the source text; otherwise, the distinctive literature in the original will not be rendered in the target text. The paper discusses the ways in which the stylistic approach to translation affects the reading of the source text and the writing of the target text. For a literary translator, it is necessary to understand the style of the text and recreate similar stylistic effects in the target text. The paradox of stylistics and translation: when literary translation depends not only on knowing what the text literally means, but also on what it suggests.

Enhancing Educational Processes Through Advanced Internet Didactics and Electronic Libraries: A Comprehensive Approach

2024-12-13T17:07:42+04:00

This paper explores the intricate application of internet didactics (wiki, film, websites, blogs, webinars) and electronic libraries in contemporary Ukrainian and Georgian university education. It demonstrates how this approach enhances the effectiveness of each internet didactic component, emphasizing that the combination of these tools is selected by educators based on specific instructional needs. Successful implementation of this synergy hinges on several conditions: access to a robust professional source base, technical infrastructure for teacher-student communication, and the creation and utilization of multimedia (video, audio, text). Both faculty and students are expected to possess advanced media literacy. Additionally, educators are encouraged not only to utilize online teaching technologies but also to actively produce educational materials such as films, websites, blogs, webinars, and Wikipedia articles. For students, the integration of research with education is crucial, facilitating closer ties between students, universities, and prospective employers. For educators, engagement in the global scholarly and pedagogical community through publications in international databases and participation in academic conferences is essential.

Socialization of Personality - Guarantor of Development, Peace and Security

2024-12-13T17:25:20+04:00

Socialization of a person is the smallest pedagogical process, determined by the dignity of the society, its cultural intellectual height, as for what is part of it, nation, state, government, society, morality, spirituality. Culture, “language, estate, faith” knows the organic connection of time and space dimensions: present, past, future, therefore it is impossible to understand the present and foresee the future without the past. Figuratively speaking: “The present born from the past is the parent of the future” (Albert Leibniz). The education system is responsible for the socialization of students, namely the general secondary school. But when it misses the classical basis, the valuable acquisition of the past, and relies on the subjective opinions and bare pragmatism it is practically impossible. Education of intellectually, morally, spiritually, aesthetically complete, harmoniously developed personality. The work of the education system is hindered by the declaration of freedom and democracy without appeal. Which resulted in empty classrooms and auditoriums. Freedom has its time, place, weight and size! All educational institutions should stand on the classical basis of education, taking into account innovations; Absolute discipline, discipline and discipline, without which there is chaos and darkness. The teacher must fully possess classical pedagogy, innovations, professional and subject competencies, laws and principles of upbringing, methods, techniques and technologies and the subjects he teaches, to be distinguished by scientific outlook, intelligence, morality, spirituality, aesthetic taste, culture of speech, communication complete objectivity, hard work. Professional qualifications must be constantly improved in the wake of new scientific achievements.

Concrete Creative Activation of Students Based on the Technology of Situations

2024-12-13T17:32:53+04:00

The teaching methodology of the integrated primary course of Georgian language and literature at the faculty of educational sciences in the higher education institution should be organized by the lecturer in such a way that the student should be interested and strive to acquire new knowledge. It is necessary for the lecturer to purposefully use interactive teaching methods in the educational process. The use of interactive methods should lead to high involvement of students in the learning process, which will allow them to independently solve problematic issueს. Interactive teaching methods will help them to activate their thinking and passion during problematic situations, to remember the basics, to arouse interest in the material to be studied, and to satisfy the need for independent assimilation of knowledge.

When using the method of specific situations, based on dialogic interaction, students should develop such basic qualities as communication, listening and understanding the positions and thoughts of others. In addition, creative ideas are activated here, adaptation to the new teaching technology is accelerated, which, in turn, will further increase interest in the subject.

Modeling of the Modern Humanistic Pedagogics in Educational Sociology

2024-12-13T17:40:49+04:00

Social, economic, political events taking place in the country on the cusp of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries and, as their consequence, the processes of reappraisal of values have faced the education system with new challenges – fundamental changed the psychological attitude and culturological and worldview orientations of citizens. The resulting deficit of humanization, on the one hand, revealed the need of nurturing a new competitive educated generation, and on the other hand, of ensuring the formation of humanism as the main value of social behavior of a citizen. Based on this fact, the main task was to identify mechanisms promoting the development of humanism in the rising generation and the transfer of education of the highest standards to them against the background of the information society challenges and the growing dehumanization of modern society, which is an indispensable condition for the socialization of the younger generation and its active and harmonious involvement into social life.

The education space of the country has faced new challenges. The government declared the primacy of the principles of humanism, and preparation of a humane new generation for a noble society was declared as the goal of education. The above-mentioned processes have led us to a deficit of humanism. Methods and technologies built on the laws, principles and methodological foundations of pedagogy, achieved success in their activities in periods of establishment of politically and economically, morally organized society. The Renaissance era is the best example of this. Thus, sociology and, in particular, the sociology of education (pedagogical experience plays a great role in creation of its principles) faced bigger responsibility. And this responsibility, in our earnest conviction, should develop in cooperation with pedagogical science. So, this article, which is a modest effort to analyze the results of scientific-sociological-pedagogical research conducted with the purpose of scientifically substantiation of modeling of modern humanistic pedagogy and education sociology, is an attempt to demonstrate exactly this fact.