Proceedings of Tskhum-Abkhazian Academy of Sciences

Methodology of Ethno-cultural Reserch on Impact Social Capital on Economy

Temur Shengelia — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

Within last 50 years, one of the most important scientific problems, which has become the subject of scientific research for economists, sociologists, historians and psychologists, is the social capital. The concept “social capital” is not homogenous, and its etymological and linguistic explanation is not uniform; it belongs to the sphere of multidisciplinary research. In economic literature intensive discussion of the concept of “social capital” started in the beginning of the 1990s. Great interest of the scientists in the concept of “social capital” can be explained with the fact that the founders of the present theory distinctly determined the fundamentals of economically efficient functioning of the modern society, by such concepts as: social networks, trust, culture, etc. Analysis of the scientific literature clarifies that important studies on separate aspects of the social capital exist in the modern economic science; however, this problem, especially, its multicultural aspects and influence on business, has not been fully studied both from the viewpoint of theory and practice.

Features of the Use of Logistics in the Field of Banking Services

Giorgi Tsaava, Ani Bibiluri — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

The article discusses the main banking processes from the point of view of logistics. The bank's financial flows are defined and presented in the form of logistic flows, the stages of the mentioned flows are described. The opinions of the authors given in the paper about the indicated main shortcomings of banking logistics, among which the following are distinguished: the difficulty of finding and calculating information; the presence of a large number of adjustments related to the peculiarities of accounting; Difficulty in long-term planning; Absence of an adequate basis for comparison with analogues. It is also important that the analysis should be carried out on the information base of the balanced system of indicators, which was developed by D. Norton and R. Kaplan in the early 1990s of the 20th Century, which is a combination of non-financial indicators characteristic of the traditional financial and bank development perspective of the past period. The article presents a proposal from the authors, according to which it is appropriate to use a complex approach in the practice of logistics, thus compensating for certain shortcomings.

Importance of Fiscal and Monetary Policy of the Country’s Economic Development

Emzar Kakulia — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

After the collapse of the Soviet Union and gaining independence, Georgia, as a transition economy country, faced many problems in the process of transition to a market economy, which required quick solutions and radical reforms. At such a time, it was necessary from the side of the state, on the one hand, to promote business activities and on the other hand, to implement economically necessary state regulation using such tools as fiscal and monetary policy.

In the modern world, the economic development of the country significantly depends on the fiscal and monetary policy, because in the conditions of the market economy, despite many other factors, its influence on the interest rate and aggregate demand is great. This is confirmed by Keynes' theory of liquidity preference, according to which the interest rate can balance the supply of money and the demand for money. At the same time, fiscal policy is a lever in the hands of the government that can influence the aggregate demand for goods and services in the short term.

The country went through a difficult, but more or less successful process of reforms, which adjusted the country's budgetary - tax and monetary credit systems. The mutual influence of these two regulation systems on each other is so great that their incorrect use may be harmful and hinder the economic development of the country.

The corona pandemic raging in the world in 2020-2021 showed us even more the role and importance of fiscal and monetary policy in the process of overcoming the economic crisis. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to analyze how important the mutual coordination of fiscal and monetary policies is for the positive management of macroeconomic processes, ensuring price stability and the economic development of the country.

On the Accounting Systems (According to Monuments of the Ancient Near East)

Gia Kvashilava — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

The analysis of archaeological material made it possible to answer the following questions: when, where, why, and how accounting systems, mathematics, the art of writing, and script originated and developed producing the social-economic revolution.

The work describes the accounting systems used in Near East since the Neolith Age. The accounting was kept with the help of clay tokens, denoting numbers, and various goods. Sometimes the clay tokens were attached to clay bullae hung on wool ropes or were put into spherical bulla-envelopes and then sealed. They were stamped on the outer surface of the clay bullae and denoted the number of tokens in the bullae.

The process of stamping with the tokens on the outer surface of the clay bullae resulted in the appearance of pictographic, linear and cuneiform scripts in 3500-2800 BC. These scripts are found on numerous clay tablets, the deciphering of which proves that writing is an immediate result of counting goods and was used for economic and administrative registration.

The Impact of Globalization on Wine Industry

Nino Kavtaradze, Kakhaber Khatiashvili — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

This project seeks to explore and analyse the effects of globalization on the wine industry. It will firstly describe the development of the wine industry, since its emergence, and after it will pay considerable attention to the definition of the term globalization. Mostly it will focus on the differences between “old world” and “new world” wine countries, characteristics of those areas, and production and marketing strategies. Additionally, it will examine three waves of discussion about globalization, what will help reader to formulate their own understanding of this controversial term. All of these will help to illustrate the influence of globalization on the wine industry and assist readers to perceive development of wine industry and comprehend the globalization’s impact on it.

The Influence of the Russia-ukraine War on the Development of the Economy of the World and Georgia

Lali Khikhadze — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

In the post-pandemic stage of 2022-2023, the world economy faced severe new challenges, as the economic stagnation and depression caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was compounded by the start of hostilities in Ukraine by the Russian Federation on February 24, 2022. The world civilized community imposed strict sanctions against Russia in order to deter aggression. At the same time, the difficulties for the economy of many countries of the world have worsened and reached a critical point. At the same time, the post-pandemic challenges were also accompanied by the problems characteristic of the global recession - the increase in prices and inflation levels, the decrease in investments, the fall in the exchange rate of the national currency, unemployment, the energy crisis, the increase in the price of real estate, the increase in the vulnerability of the population and other problems.

Features of Liberalization and Impact on Countrieswithsmall Economies

Khatuna Berishvili — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

Integration into the international economic processes and liberalization of foreign economic ties are a prerequisite for the economic development of those developing countries, which have small economy. Present level of globalization highlighted the issues of liberalization of economic activity, but by the scientists’ opinion the economic results of this process are ambiguous. Peculiarities and influence of liberalization on the national economy are of a controversial character when interests of the general public are suffered in this process. The issue of integration into the world economy passes from economic to socio-political plane. The present thesis is clearly seen today in the activities of many states, among them, in the activities of Georgia, which at the world markets in conditions of crisis and turbulence is searching for the mechanisms of protection of national producers and grows the scales of protectionism. It is also logical that determination of optimal integrational processes and their use in small economies of developing countries remain urgent in conditions of the present-day turbulence.

Impact of Investments and Innovations on Developing and Transition Economy Countries - the Example of Georgia

Giorgi Rizhvadze — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

The fact that direct foreign investments play a major role in the development of economies of transition and developing countries in the conditions of modern globalization has already been clearly confirmed, Georgia is no exception, where the statistical data of the last few years reveal the growing trend of foreign investments.

As it has already been said, investing in developing countries has the ability to significantly improve the economic-social situation, which has a subtle impact on improving the living standards of the population. Making appropriate investments in the process of improving various innovative technologies can improve the infrastructure, ensure access to basic services, increase the amenities of the population and increase the availability of local services. Investments, especially the involvement of innovative technologies, have positive effects on health, education and overall economic opportunities.

Investments in renewable energy sources and energy efficiency have a significant impact on the path to energy independence of countries with economies like Georgia in terms of access to sustainable, modern energy services.

Investing in renewable energy projects not only increases access to energy and stimulates economic growth, but also creates job opportunities in developing countries. It contributes to raising living standards and reducing poverty, as well as contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and the uptake of affordable and clean energy.

The State of Tourism and Recreational Resources of Abkhazia in the Post-conflict Space and Aspects of Ensuring Sustainability

Malkhaz Gvinjilia — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

Knowledge of the features of exploitation of tourist and recreational resources of Abkhazia is important for ensuring the safety of rare natural phenomena and rational nature management. Abkhazia, as the most demanded part of the resort and tourism industry, currently uses a very small part of the resources consumed annually in the 80-90s of the last century in the tourism sector. The reason is a difficult crime situation, an unfavorable investment environment and a low vote of confidence on the part of tourists.

The tendencies of irrational use of tourist and recreational resources under the actual government are clearly visible. Under the conditions of occupation, a number of facts of appropriation by the Russian Federation of the desired resort complexes have already become the norm. A luxurious state-owned villa built on the coast of Mysser was handed over to Russia in exchange for the restoration of the Abkhazian railway and airport. During the Olympics in Sochi, 1 million cubic meters of water will be taken from the rivers and coast of Abkhazia. The removal of meters of inert material has reduced the area of the beach through erosion at many seaside resorts. The export of a large amount of timber has become a prerequisite for the degradation of the ecosystems of Abkhazia.

In the post-de-occupation period, it is necessary to draw up a new landscape and architectural general plan of Abkhazia, with the national park of Abkhazia, functional zones and energy-saving ecotourism infrastructure. Prior to this, the active participation of international environmental organizations is important in order to preserve the existing unique biodiversity and ensure environmental sustainability.

Development of Tourism in the Black Sea Region of Georgia in the Post-pandemic Period in the Context of Russian Media

Niko Kvaratskhelia — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

Russian news media cover and analyze the development of tourism in the Black Sea region of Georgia quite frequently. As we all know, they consider the development of tourism in Abkhazia, as an independent state, separately, while regarding the rest of the Black Sea area as Georgia. As long as Georgia has no control over its state borders, we are obliged to keep an eye on the development of tourism in Russia-captured Abkhazia.

According to the Ministry of Tourism of Abkhazia, 45% of the 1.15 million tourists vacationing in Abkhazia in 2022 stayed overnight. By the end of 2022, 858 accommodation facilities with 39,000 beds were registered in Abkhazia (8.3% more than in 2021) [1]. Tourists also stay in the private sector. In 2022, 1 million 150 thousand people visited Abkhazia for vacation and excursions. This indicator was a record for the last 29 years.

“According to the verbal survey and monitoring of tourist facilities and collective accommodation facilities, the average number of people arriving in Abkhazia in 2022 is about 1 million 150 thousand people. These are one-day tourists, sightseers and those who stayed in collective accommodation facilities. And in the private sector”, said Inara Benia, head of the Department of Analysis, Forecasting and Development of the Resort and Tourism Industry of the Ministry of Tourism of Abkhazia [2].

Comparative Geographic and Cartographic Analysis of Post-war Changes in the Border Strip of the Psou River Section of the Georgian-Russian State Border

Revaz Tolordava, Tedo Gorgodze — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

Subject of the study is a comparative geographic and cartographic analysis of the post-war changes in the border strip of the Psou River section of the Georgian-Russian state border. An important section of the northwestern section of the state border of Georgia is the border across the Psou River, which occupies the second place in the border region of the country in terms of length (after the Alazani River) among the border rivers. As a result of long-term transformational processes, the border along this river was formed on the basis of a historical connection with a neighboring state and represented a sufficient contact area, characterized by intensive economic ties. As a result of the well-known events of the 90s of the last century, this section of the border has not been controlled by Georgia for the last 30 years, which created socio-economic problems on the border zone (Georgia side) and caused depopulation of settlements. Therefore, the geographical study and analysis of this space is a topical issue.

Based on studies conducted on electronic versions of topographic maps published in the 70-80s of the last century, a geographic and cartometric analysis of this section of the border zone was carried out. Obtained data is compared with modern satellite images and orthophotomaps. The results of the study are presented in tables and graphs.

The Hisorical Memory as Way to Save Our Identity

Maya Gvinjilia — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

“Historical memory” is the most important component of self-identification of a person, a social group and society as a whole.

Historical memory can help people affected by a terrible past feel that society is fully aware of their pain, condemns the actions that caused this pain, and gives some confidence that such actions will not be repeated in the future.

When the bearers of historical memory die, historical memory naturally changes, revisiting and rethinking the facts of the past. Some details disappear forever, while others, on the contrary, expand and are added under the influence of today's reality.

We remember Abkhazia and all the memories, and while I am there, my memory will exist, but when I and my generation are gone, the memory will also disappear. Although I tell my children a lot about Abkhazia, what I remember and experience is a completely different perception, and therefore I consider it necessary while I and the representatives of the previous generation are still alive and doing this. Historical memory, document as much as possible.

The initiative of certain groups of the population of Abkhazia was to create an interactive map on which one could mark their house and download information about the people living in this house, thereby giving an opportunity to generations not born and not raised in Abkhazia. To have an idea of where and how their ancestors lived. It will be especially good if the return to Abkhazia does not take place during our lifetime (I hope) and that future generations know about their heritage and history.

Sustainable Development and Ecotourism as the Main Mechanism of Biodiversity Protection

Lana Mzarelua, Koba Korsantia — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

In the work “Sustainable development and ecotourism as the main mechanism of biodiversity protection”. Key issues such as the Sustainable Development Goals are discussed, which is a global strategy, it applies to the whole world, both developing and developed countries, therefore all countries of the world have supported the fulfillment of all seventeen Sustainable Development Goals at the national level until 2030. The UN Sustainable Development Goals are integral to the internal reforms of the Government of Georgia. is part of Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals requires an integration. The author discusses one of the most important goals of sustainable development, the protection of biodiversity, its role on various vitally important resources, and he also covers the world's hotspots of biodiversity, which are thirty-six worldwide, and among them is Georgia, where there is a great diversity of species and the threats faced by the existing species, every year Biodiversity is being lost, the author notes that the mechanism of biodiversity protection is determined by protected areas, they represent habitat and shelter for species. Therefore, it is necessary to dramatically increase the various categories of protected areas. Protected areas condition the development of ecotourism, which is the realization of sustainable development and implies renewal of tourist resources as well as socio-economic well-being rated.

The Impact of Digital Technologies on the Development of Rural Tourism in Georgia

Nino Letandze — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

In 2020, the spread of COVID-19 and the associated pandemic proved to be the biggest devastating factor for all areas. The pandemic has had a major economic impact on international tourism. In 2020-2021, the tourism industry has lost hundreds of billions of dollars and millions of jobs. To overcome the crisis, anti-epidemic measures were implemented in many countries, which accelerated the transformation of world tourism, resulting in increased demand for domestic tourism and rural tourism. The article discusses the changes in the tourism sector of Georgia caused by the pandemic: a) the growing demand for domestic and rural tourism, b) the acceleration of digitalization processes.

One of the important branches of the world economy is rural tourism and agro tourism complex, which largely determines the employment of the population and the growth of income in tourist regions. During the pandemic, the lack of a full-fledged information service turned out to be an obstacle for consumers of domestic and rural tourism services in Georgia. Technical progress and extensive use of the Internet have created the so-called New Economy. Digitization has become a global trend, which by itself has led to the introduction of digital technologies in the tourism industry. Modern tourism requires the activation of digitization processes, which ensures the development of tourist products. The research confirmed that the active penetration of digital technologies in the field of tourism in Georgia will contribute to the development of domestic and rural tourism in the country.

Alternative Tourism, in the Context of Sustainable Tourism

Nana Akhalaia — Sat, 30 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0400

Approaches to tourism in the modern world are a subject of constant discussion. Recently, more and more critical opinions are expressed about the negative impact of mass tourism on the environment. The development of the tourism market of the future is considered through alternative forms of tourism.

The problems of developing alternative tourism as a key part of the concept of sustainable tourism differ significantly between countries, taking into account economic, social and environmental factors. Alternative tourism combines tourism products or individual tourism services that differ from mass tourism in terms of delivery, organization and human resources. Alternative tourism is the application of sustainable development practices to tourism in regions where tourism has been chosen as a factor in economic development. Today, the popularity of specific forms of alternative tourism such as “ecotourism”, “volunteer tourism” and “voluntourism” has increased significantly. Tourism development, both in the countries of the world and in Georgia, is considered as a sustainable development tool through various government programs and strategies.